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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview01:19

Phase I Oxidative Reactions: Overview

Phase I biotransformation, or functionalization, is a crucial chemical process that converts drugs and other xenobiotics into more water-soluble forms, facilitating expulsion from the body. It involves oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic reactions that add or unveil polar functional groups on lipophilic substrates. Key players in phase I reactions are the mixed-function oxidases. Situated in liver cell microsomes, these enzymes predominantly carry out drug metabolism. They require molecular...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

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Ten misconceptions about antioxidants.

Aalt Bast1, Guido R M M Haenen

  • 1Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. a.bast@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
|June 29, 2013
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Antioxidants, once hailed as health promoters, now face controversy regarding their benefits and risks. Misconceptions about their effects hinder scientific progress and drug development.

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flavonoidshealthnutritionoxidantsoxygen radicalsredoxvitamin E

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Nutrition Science

Background:

  • Oxidative damage is implicated in diseases and drug toxicity.
  • Antioxidants were extensively researched for potential health benefits.
  • Current views on antioxidants range from beneficial to detrimental, increasing mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the polarized and often scientifically unsupported views on antioxidants.
  • To clarify misconceptions hindering rational use of supplements and drug development.
  • To guide future research and development of antioxidant therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical analysis of existing research on antioxidants.
  • Evaluation of conflicting scientific evidence and public perception.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of antioxidant roles and effects.

Main Results:

  • The perceived health benefits of antioxidants have diminished due to conflicting data.
  • Controversy exists regarding whether antioxidants are beneficial or increase mortality.
  • Divergent opinions impact nutritional recommendations and supplement use.

Conclusions:

  • Polarized views on antioxidants, lacking robust scientific backing, create misconceptions.
  • These misconceptions impede the rational application of food supplements.
  • Misunderstandings hinder the design and development of novel antioxidant drugs, potentially causing missed opportunities.