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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Published on: May 6, 2013

Intersection between genetic polymorphisms and immune deviation in type 1 diabetes.

Alice Long1, Jane H Buckner

  • 1Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA. along@benaroyaresearch.org

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|June 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic variants in over 60 non-HLA genes are linked to Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). Researchers are identifying cellular phenotypes to understand the disease mechanisms and causative connections of these immune-related genes.

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qKAT: Quantitative Semi-automated Typing of Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes

Published on: March 6, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Over 60 non-HLA genes, many immune-related, are associated with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D).
  • A key challenge is linking identified risk alleles to causative disease mechanisms.
  • Cellular phenotypes associated with T1D genetic variants offer insights into disease pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immune-related genes associated with T1D polymorphisms.
  • To describe cellular phenotypes correlating with these genetic variants.
  • To highlight recent findings, particularly from variants in PTPN22 and IL-2/IL2R signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on T1D-associated genes and polymorphisms.
  • Analysis of cellular phenotypes linked to specific genetic variants.
  • Focus on findings related to PTPN22 and IL-2/IL2R signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous immune-related genes with T1D-associated polymorphisms.
  • Correlation of specific genetic variants with distinct cellular phenotypes.
  • Recent findings emphasize the role of PTPN22 and IL-2/IL2R signaling in T1D pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Genome-wide association studies are instrumental in discovering T1D's genetic underpinnings.
  • Cellular and molecular phenotypes are crucial for unraveling the underlying causes of T1D.
  • Further research into these phenotypes will advance our understanding of T1D.