Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes01:15

One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes

One-Way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples with equal or unequal sample sizes. When one-way ANOVA is performed on two datasets with samples of equal sizes, it can be easily observed that the computed F statistic is highly sensitive to the sample mean.
Different sample means can result in different values for the variance estimate: variance between samples. This is because the variance between samples is calculated as the product of the sample size and the variance between the...
Introduction to Test of Independence01:21

Introduction to Test of Independence

In statistics, the term independence means that one can directly obtain the probability of any event involving both variables by multiplying their individual probabilities. Tests of independence are chi-square tests involving the use of a contingency table of observed (data) values.
The test statistic for a test of independence is similar to that of a goodness-of-fit test:
Friedman Two-way Analysis of Variance by Ranks01:21

Friedman Two-way Analysis of Variance by Ranks

Friedman's Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks is a nonparametric test designed to identify differences across multiple test attempts when traditional assumptions of normality and equal variances do not apply. Unlike conventional ANOVA, which requires normally distributed data with equal variances, Friedman's test is ideal for ordinal or non-normally distributed data, making it particularly useful for analyzing dependent samples, such as matched subjects over time or repeated measures from...
One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes01:15

One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes

One-way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples of unequal sizes. However, calculations get complicated when sample sizes are not always the same. So, while performing ANOVA with unequal samples size, the following equation is used:
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
Behrens–Fisher Test00:57

Behrens–Fisher Test

The Behrens-Fisher test is a statistical method designed to address the Behrens-Fisher problem, which arises when comparing the means of two normally distributed populations with unequal variances. Unlike the Student's t-test, which assumes equal variances, the Behrens-Fisher test allows for mean comparison without this restrictive assumption. This flexibility makes it particularly valuable in scenarios where two independent samples exhibit normality but lack variance homogeneity.
This test is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Incentives, Health, and Retirement: Evidence From a Finnish Pension Reform.

Health economics·2024
Same author

Heterogeneity in the association between social support and mental distress in old-age retirees - a computational approach using longitudinal cohort data.

BMC geriatrics·2024
Same author

Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Disability Retirement: A 9-Year Register Linked Follow-Up Study.

Journal of physical activity & health·2024
Same author

Municipality-level differences in disability retirement in Finland: The contribution of local social characteristics.

Scandinavian journal of public health·2024
Same author

Work ability trends 2000-2020 and birth-cohort projections until 2040 in Finland.

Scandinavian journal of public health·2024
Same author

Unemployed and disabled for work: identifying 3-year labour market pathways from the beginning of a sickness absence using sequence and cluster analyses in a register-based longitudinal study in Finland.

BMJ open·2023
Same journal

Employer-provided bicycle benefit and changes in commuting and overall physical activity: A quasi-experiment among Finnish municipal employees.

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health·2026
Same journal

Genomic insights into somatic mutations from occupational exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation.

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health·2026
Same journal

Mental health problems and suicidal behaviors in person-related work: a Swedish register-based cohort study.

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health·2026
Same journal

Relative risk and excess fraction of preterm birth across maternal occupation and industry: a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study of employed pregnant women.

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health·2026
Same journal

Job strain and ischemic heart disease: the balance of methodological bias and implications for prevention. Response to: Bonde JP et al. The demands-control-support work stress model and risk of ischemic heart disease: causal inference based on observational epidemiology.

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health·2026
Same journal

Employment and working conditions and risk of suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Videos

Regional differences in disability retirement: explaining between-county differences in Finland.

Mikko Laaksonen1, Raija Gould

  • 1Finnish Centre for Pensions, FI-00065 Eläketurvakeskus, Helsinki, Finland. mikko.laaksonen@etk.fi.

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
|June 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Significant regional disparities in disability retirement exist in Finland, particularly for musculoskeletal conditions. While individual and municipal factors explain much of the variation, a notable excess incidence remains in certain areas.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Social Medicine

Background:

  • Disability retirement rates vary significantly across geographical regions.
  • Understanding the drivers of these disparities is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate county-level variations in disability retirement in Finland.
  • To identify demographic, work-related, and municipal factors contributing to these differences.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a 20% random sample of the Finnish population (aged 25-62) from 2006-2011.
  • Utilized registry data for individual factors and the SotkaNet databank for municipal characteristics.
  • Employed standardized rates and logistic regression to assess between-county differences.

Main Results:

  • Disability retirement incidence was nearly double in the highest-incidence county compared to the lowest.
  • Musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases showed the largest between-county differences.
  • Demographic, work-related, and municipal factors explained up to 60% of the observed differences.
  • A 20-30% excess incidence persisted in Northern and Eastern Finland after adjustments.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial geographical inequalities in disability retirement are present in Finland.
  • Musculoskeletal disease-related disability retirement significantly impacts overall regional disparities.
  • Individual and contextual factors play a role, but regional variations persist.