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Related Concept Videos

Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
13:19

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

Published on: November 2, 2013

Human housekeeping genes, revisited.

Eli Eisenberg1, Erez Y Levanon

  • 1Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study identifies 3804 human housekeeping genes with constant expression across tissues using RNA-sequencing. These uniformly expressed genes are crucial for cell biology research and biotechnological applications.

Keywords:
RNA-seqgene expression patternshousekeeping genesinternal controlnext generation sequencing

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Published on: November 2, 2013

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Housekeeping genes are essential for basic cell functions and are expected to have stable expression.
  • Identifying these genes aids in understanding cellular infrastructure, genomic structures, and serves as calibration tools in research.
  • Advances in RNA expression measurement technologies have expanded the identification of housekeeping genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe housekeeping gene detection methods in the context of massive parallel sequencing and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq).
  • To identify human genes exhibiting uniform expression across a diverse panel of tissues.
  • To highlight potential control genes for experimental applications like RT-PCR.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data from a panel of human tissues.
  • Analyzed gene expression levels to identify genes with consistent, uniform expression patterns.
  • Applied criteria to filter and select genes demonstrating high expression stability.

Main Results:

  • Identified a list of 3804 human genes that are expressed uniformly across the examined tissue panel.
  • Highlighted several exceptionally uniform genes suitable for use as control genes in experiments.
  • Demonstrated the utility of current RNA-seq technology for robust housekeeping gene discovery.

Conclusions:

  • Massive parallel sequencing and RNA-seq enable reliable identification of uniformly expressed housekeeping genes.
  • The identified genes provide valuable resources for various genomic studies and biotechnological applications.
  • Future research should address remaining technological challenges in housekeeping gene detection and validation.