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Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Practical Considerations for the Design, Execution, and Interpretation of Studies Involving Whole-Bone Bending Tests of Rodent Bones

Practical Considerations for the Design, Execution, and Interpretation of Studies Involving Whole-Bone Bending Tests of Rodent Bones

Published on: September 1, 2023

[Bone architecture and strength on unloading].

Itsuro Endo¹, Toshio Matsumoto

¹Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The University of Tokushima Hospital, Japan.

Clinical Calcium

|July 2, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spaceflight and bed rest cause bone loss by decreasing bone formation and increasing resorption. Understanding these effects on bone structure is key to developing countermeasures.

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Practical Considerations for the Design, Execution, and Interpretation of Studies Involving Whole-Bone Bending Tests of Rodent Bones

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Area of Science:

Bone biology
Skeletal physiology
Space medicine

Context:

Space flight and prolonged bed rest lead to mechanical unloading of bones.
This unloading initiates early-stage bone loss, affecting both bone formation and resorption.
Weight-bearing bones are particularly susceptible to structural decline.

Purpose:

To investigate the effects of mechanical unloading on bone.
To understand the pathophysiology of unloading-associated bone loss.
To identify potential targets for countermeasures.

Summary:

Mechanical unloading, as experienced during space flight or bed rest, triggers significant bone loss.
This process involves reduced bone formation and elevated bone resorption.
Both trabecular and cortical bone are affected, with pronounced structural degradation in weight-bearing bones.

Impact:

Provides insights into the mechanisms of bone loss in microgravity and immobility.
Facilitates the development of effective strategies to mitigate skeletal deconditioning.
Contributes to preserving bone health for astronauts and individuals with mobility limitations.