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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Hypoglycaemia begets hypoglycaemia.

Alok Arora1

  • 1Acute Medicine, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK. alokjarora@hotmail.com

BMJ Case Reports
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug-induced hypoglycemia, common in elderly patients on antihyperglycemic agents, requires careful management. Ten percent dextrose is recommended for treatment, with octreotide for recurrent cases.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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06:59

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Published on: November 13, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Drug-induced hypoglycemia is a frequent complication in patients using antihyperglycemic agents, especially the elderly.
  • Sulfonylurea medications, with half-lives of 14-16 hours, can lead to severe and prolonged hypoglycemic episodes.

Observation:

  • Hypoglycemia affects 5-20% of patients on antihyperglycemic agents annually, with serious clinical consequences possible.
  • Patient education often prioritizes hyperglycemia management, potentially overlooking the cumulative impact of minor hypoglycemic events.

Findings:

  • Ten percent dextrose is recommended for reversing hypoglycemic episodes over conventional 50% dextrose.
  • Octreotide presents a viable option for managing recurrent or relapsing hypoglycemia in acute settings.

Implications:

  • Effective recognition, prevention, and treatment of drug-induced hypoglycemia are crucial for patient safety.
  • Minimizing even subclinical hypoglycemia is essential to break the cycle of recurrent episodes.
  • Optimized treatment strategies, including dextrose concentration and potential use of octreotide, can improve patient outcomes.