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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

[Prophylactic thyroidectomy in medullary thyroid cancer].

Jean-Louis Peix1, Jean Christophe Lifante, Chazot Françoise Borson

  • 1Chirurgie digestive et endocrinienne, Centre hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165, chemin du grand Revoyet-69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex. jean-louis.peix@chu-lyon.fr

Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine
|July 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Prophylactic thyroidectomy can cure medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in children, regardless of RET protooncogene mutation type, if calcitonin levels are normal pre-surgery. Delayed diagnosis and parental concerns can postpone recommended surgical timing.

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology

Context:

  • Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) has a genetic basis in 30-35% of cases, linked to RET protooncogene mutations.
  • RET mutations correlate with specific phenotypes (MEN 2A, MEN 2B, familial MTC) and disease aggressiveness.
  • Current guidelines recommend early thyroidectomy based on mutation risk levels.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the outcomes of prophylactic thyroidectomy in patients with genetically determined MTC.
  • To assess the impact of preoperative calcitonin levels and mutation type on surgical cure rates.
  • To identify factors contributing to delayed surgical intervention in pediatric MTC cases.

Summary:

  • Eighteen patients with MTC underwent prophylactic thyroidectomy.
  • All patients with normal preoperative calcitonin levels achieved a cure, irrespective of RET mutation.
  • Surgery was often delayed due to late genetic diagnosis or parental objections, highlighting a gap between recommendations and practice.

Impact:

  • Demonstrates the efficacy of prophylactic thyroidectomy in achieving MTC cure, emphasizing the importance of preoperative calcitonin levels.
  • Highlights challenges in adhering to recommended surgical timelines for pediatric MTC patients.
  • Informs clinical practice regarding genetic counseling, parental education, and timely surgical management of hereditary MTC.