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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs04:01

VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs

Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
14:52

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

Hexagonal graphene onion rings.

Zheng Yan1, Yuanyue Liu, Jian Lin

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel method for synthesizing 3D graphene structures, overcoming limitations of 2D growth. This breakthrough enables new possibilities for advanced materials and devices using graphene ribbons.

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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Published on: March 4, 2021

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
14:52

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Published on: May 15, 2018

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
08:18

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Published on: March 4, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Precise spatial control of materials is crucial for engineering their properties.
  • Graphene synthesis on copper typically results in 2D growth, limiting complex structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the growth of three-dimensional (3D) onion ring-like graphene structures.
  • To reveal a new graphene nucleation mechanism for 3D spatial structures.

Main Methods:

  • Growth of 3D graphene structures on Cu substrates.
  • Utilizing hydrogenation for edge nucleation and 3D growth.
  • First principles calculations to support the proposed mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized onion ring-like 3D graphene structures composed of concentric hexagonal graphene ribbon rings.
  • Demonstrated hydrogenation-induced edge nucleation and 3D growth of new graphene layers.
  • Identified nanoribbon fabrication and potential for lithium storage.

Conclusions:

  • This research reveals a novel graphene nucleation mechanism enabling 3D growth.
  • The findings pave the way for designing new 3D spatial structures of graphene and other 2D materials.
  • The demonstrated features offer potential applications in nanotechnology and energy storage.