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Solvent Esterification and Stoichiometric Control in Ambient-Grown FAPbI₃ Single-Crystal Solar Cells.

Parinaz Moazzezi¹, I Teng Cheong², Kushal Dhake²

¹Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|July 3, 2026

Summary

Researchers discovered that formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) can redissolve during inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) due to solvent interactions. Controlling stoichiometry stabilizes FAPbI3 crystals for high-efficiency solar cells.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Crystallography
Photovoltaics

Background:

Inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) is a key method for growing high-quality perovskite single crystals.
Prolonged heating during ITC can lead to chemical instabilities and hinder crystal growth control.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the solvent-dependent redissolution of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) during ITC.
To identify strategies for stabilizing α-FAPbI3 single crystals for photovoltaic applications.

Main Methods:

Utilized a mixed γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and 2-methoxyethanol (2ME) solvent system for ITC.
Investigated the role of lead iodide (PbI2) stoichiometry in crystal stabilization.
Fabricated and tested single-crystal solar cells.

Main Results:

Discovered that FAPbI3 undergoes an esterification reaction with GBL and 2ME solvents, leading to destabilization.
Observed that PbI2 deficiency delays redissolution, promoting the growth of stable α-FAPbI3 crystals.
Achieved a record 22.99% power conversion efficiency in single-crystal solar cells fabricated under ambient conditions.

Conclusions:

Identified an overlooked solvent-precursor interaction during ITC that affects perovskite stability.
Demonstrated stoichiometry control as an effective strategy for stabilizing α-FAPbI3 single crystals.
Highlighted the potential of stabilized α-FAPbI3 crystals for high-performance solar cells.