Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 10, 2026
07:14
Virtual Agent for Real-Time Motivational Interviewing by Integrating Adaptive Nonverbal Behavior and Language Models
Published on: December 23, 2025
Indirect measures as a signal for evaluative change.
Marco Perugini1, Juliette Richetin, Cristina Zogmaister
1a Department of Psychology , University of Milan-Bicocca , Milan , Italy.
Cognition & Emotion
|July 3, 2013
Summary
Measuring explicit attitudes after implicit ones enhances detection of attitude change. Implicit attitudes changed regardless of measurement order, but only when participants were aware of the contingency. This highlights the impact of measurement order on attitude research.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Cognitive Science
- Social Psychology
Background:
- Implicit and explicit attitudes are malleable through evaluative learning.
- Understanding how measurement order affects attitude change detection is crucial for accurate research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the asymmetric effect of measurement order (indirect vs. direct) on detecting evaluative attitude change.
- To explore whether this effect is consistent across different evaluative learning paradigms.
Main Methods:
- Two studies utilized the self-referencing task with indirect and direct attitude measures.
- A third study employed a supraliminal sequential evaluative conditioning paradigm.
- Evaluative change was assessed in relation to participants' contingency awareness.
Main Results:
- Explicit attitude change was more reliably detected when measured after implicit attitudes.
- Implicit attitude change occurred irrespective of measurement order.
- The order effect was observed in self-referencing tasks but not in evaluative conditioning.
- Evaluative change was only evident in participants aware of the contingency.
Conclusions:
- The order of indirect and direct measures can create an asymmetric effect in detecting explicit attitude change.
- Indirect measures may act as signals influencing self-perception and propositional elaboration.
- Contingency awareness is a key moderator for observed evaluative changes.
Related Concept Videos
03:00Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
01:29Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model
The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
01:24Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring
Self-monitoring is a central construct in understanding individual differences in self-presentation strategies across social contexts. It refers to how individuals observe, regulate, and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation following situational cues. Self-monitoring reflects a person's sensitivity to social appropriateness and willingness to adapt behavior to fit varying interpersonal demands.High vs. Low Self-Monitoring IndividualsIndividuals high in self-monitoring are...
01:27Microbial Growth Measurement: Indirect Methods
Estimating microbial growth is essential for understanding population dynamics and environmental adaptations. Indirect methods provide valuable insights by measuring parameters such as turbidity, metabolic activity, and biomass, enabling efficient and reproducible assessments.During exponential growth, microbial cells scatter light proportionally to their biomass, a principle used in turbidity measurements. About one million cells per milliliter produce detectable scattering, which a...
01:29Measures of Intelligence
Psychologists measure intelligence by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. To understand IQ tests, it's important to recognize the key principles behind their construction: validity, reliability, and standardization.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this; it...
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this; it...
01:27Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison
Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...