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First Impression01:09

First Impression

First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...

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Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing
07:48

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Published on: April 4, 2025

Anxiety, Cognitive Biases, and Evaluative Conditioning: An Eye-Tracking Experiment.

Anca Lazar1, Marine Rougier2, Jan De Houwer2

  • 1Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Romania.

International Review of Social Psychology
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated if cognitive biases explain the link between trait anxiety and attitude changes. Results showed no significant association between personality traits like anxiety and evaluative conditioning effects.

Keywords:
ambivalenceanxietycognitive biasevaluative conditioningeye-tracking

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Personality Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Previous research suggests a link between neuroticism (trait anxiety) and attitude changes via stimulus pairings (evaluative conditioning).
  • The cognitive mechanisms underlying this potential relationship remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of cognitive biases (attentional, memory, interpretation) in explaining the relationship between personality traits and evaluative conditioning.
  • To examine these relationships using both clearly valenced and ambivalent stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies (N=274, N=294) employed an evaluative conditioning paradigm.
  • Eye-tracking measured attentional bias; valence recollection tests assessed contingency awareness and memory bias; adjective ratings measured interpretation bias.
  • The second experiment also included measures of attentional avoidance strategies.

Main Results:

  • Correlation analyses revealed no significant associations between personality variables (neuroticism, anxiety, behavioral inhibition) and evaluative conditioning effects.
  • This lack of association was consistent across both experiments and different types of stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • The findings do not support the hypothesis that cognitive biases mediate the relationship between trait anxiety and evaluative conditioning.
  • The study highlights the need for further methodological and theoretical exploration of personality's influence on attitude formation.