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Related Concept Videos

Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
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Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

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Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

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Causality in Epidemiology01:21

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Correspondence Bias01:17

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
06:48

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

From Portuguese Colonial Representations to Racist Endorsement: Investigating Correlational and Causal Paths.

Felix Meuer1, Rita Guerra2, Filipa Madeira3,4

  • 1University of Coimbra, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal.

International Review of Social Psychology
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Historical narratives shape societal views and intergroup relations. This study found that negative representations of colonial history can reduce racist beliefs, offering new insights into social representations and their impact.

Keywords:
Intergroup relationsLuso-tropicalismbiological racismcultural racismsocial representations of history

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
06:48

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Sociology
  • History

Background:

  • Dominant historical narratives influence present-day intergroup relations and societal interpretations of the past.
  • Limited empirical evidence exists on the causal links between historical narratives and racist beliefs.
  • The Social Representations of History framework provides a lens to examine these connections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between dominant and counter-representations of colonial history and racist attitudes in the Portuguese context.
  • To explore both correlational and causal pathways linking historical narratives to biological and cultural racism.
  • To assess the impact of positive, negative, and neutral historical frames on racist beliefs.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1 utilized correlational data (N=216) from the European Social Survey (CRONOS-2) to link Luso-tropicalist beliefs to racism levels.
  • Study 2 employed an experimental design (N=220) manipulating colonial history representations (positive, negative, neutral).
  • Statistical analyses examined the predictive power of historical beliefs and the effects of experimental manipulations on racism.

Main Results:

  • Endorsement of Luso-tropicalist beliefs positively correlated with higher levels of biological and cultural racism, independent of age and education.
  • Experimental presentation of a negative colonial history frame significantly reduced biological racism compared to positive and neutral frames.
  • No significant differences in cultural racism were found across the experimental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Findings provide novel evidence that counter-narratives, specifically negative representations of colonial history, can attenuate racist beliefs.
  • The study highlights the role of social representations of history as political projects with tangible consequences for contemporary intergroup relations.
  • Integrating correlational and experimental data strengthens the understanding of how historical interpretations influence prejudice.