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Related Concept Videos

Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation01:27

Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory, introduced in the 1940s and 1950s and often termed the "push theory" of motivation, provides a framework for understanding how biological and learned drives influence behavior. Hull suggested that motivation originates from the need to alleviate physiological tension caused by unmet biological necessities. The theory proposes that when a basic need, such as hunger or sleep, goes unfulfilled, it creates an internal imbalance. This imbalance, or drive, pushes...
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The motivational cycle is a key concept that explains how individuals are motivated to meet their needs. At its core, the cycle revolves around four distinct stages: need, drive, goal-directed behavior, and goal achievement. These stages respond to imbalances in the body or mind, prompting actions that restore balance.
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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

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Maslow's Theory of Basic Human Needs01:28

Maslow's Theory of Basic Human Needs

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Secondary Motives: Power Motivation and Achievement Motivation01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

The drive to strive: goal generation based on current needs.

Elisabeth A Murray1, Peter H Rudebeck

  • 1Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|July 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animals decide what to eat based on food value and biological needs. A brain network involving the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala adjusts food preferences dynamically for optimal foraging.

Keywords:
amygdalaanthropoid primatesmacaqueorbitofrontal cortexprefrontal cortexreinforcer devaluationrewardselective satiation

More Related Videos

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Comparative Psychology

Background:

  • Animal foraging decisions are influenced by time, energy, and food availability.
  • Beyond *when* to forage, animals must also decide *what* to forage, a choice affected by satiety and biological needs.
  • Understanding the neural basis of food valuation is crucial for explaining foraging behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neural circuits underlying the subjective valuation of food and associated objects in macaques and humans.
  • To explore how these valuations are tracked and adjusted in real-time based on biological needs.
  • To examine the distinct roles of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in this valuation process.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on food valuation and foraging behavior in primates.
  • Analysis of research utilizing temporary inactivation methods to probe neural circuit functions.
  • Integration of findings from behavioral ecology, neuroscience, and psychology.

Main Results:

  • A network including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), amygdala, and medial thalamus is critical for assigning and updating food value.
  • The amygdala and OFC exhibit distinct but complementary roles in subjective food valuation.
  • Dynamic adjustment of food value based on current biological needs is essential for efficient foraging.

Conclusions:

  • Neural systems for subjective food valuation must interact with foraging control systems for optimal decision-making.
  • Efficiently integrating food value with temporal and energetic foraging constraints maximizes animal fitness.
  • This integrated neural network is fundamental to adaptive foraging strategies across species.