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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

The respiratory zone of the human body, which stands in contrast to the conducting zone, comprises the structures that actively participate in the exchange of gases. The initiation of this zone is marked by the terminal bronchioles converging into respiratory bronchioles, the tiniest bronchiole classification. The respiratory bronchioles give way to the alveolar ducts that opens into a congregation of alveoli. Actively involved in gas exchange, alveoli resemble tiny sacs similar to clusters of...
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Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

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Diversity of Protists II

Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus
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Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis.

Marija Stojkovic1, Thomas Junghanss

  • 1Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|July 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Central nervous system (CNS) echinococcosis, including cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) forms, presents distinct clinical challenges. Early detection and individualized treatment are crucial for managing these rare, neglected parasitic infections.

Keywords:
Echinococcus granulosusEchinococcus multilocularisalveolar echinococcosiscystic echinococcosishydatid disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Echinococcosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare condition with significant morbidity.
  • Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) manifest differently, requiring distinct clinical considerations.
  • CNS lesions, often supratentorial, present as space-occupying masses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for CE and AE in the CNS.
  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosing and treating these rare parasitic infections.
  • To emphasize the need for specialized, multidisciplinary care and long-term follow-up.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical manifestations, imaging findings (MRI, CT), and serological diagnostic limitations.
  • Discussion of emerging diagnostic techniques like in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS).
  • Analysis of therapeutic approaches, including surgical and medical management, and follow-up protocols.

Main Results:

  • CE and AE exhibit distinct pathological growth patterns (displacement vs. infiltrative).
  • Imaging (MRI, CT) is the primary diagnostic tool, with serology offering limited reliability.
  • In vivo MRS shows promise for diagnosing intracranial CE.
  • Individualized treatment and long-term follow-up (5-10 years) are essential.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebral CE and AE are distinct entities necessitating tailored management by experienced multidisciplinary teams.
  • Effective treatment, especially for advanced AE, remains challenging when curative surgery is not feasible.
  • These neglected diseases require increased attention for improved early detection, diagnosis, and treatment in at-risk populations.