Cardiovascular reactions and respiratory events during platelet activating factor-induced shock

The platelet activating factor (PAF), a low molecular phospholipid, plays an important role in inflammation, anaphylaxis, and shock state development. In the isolated perfused guinea pig heart, PAF induces a decrease in coronary flow and cardiac contractility and atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Furthermore, PAF mediates a powerful bronchoconstrictory action causing a severe impairment in respiratory function. In the present study an attempt was made to separate cardiac from respiratory events during PAF-induced shock in vivo. PAF was injected intravenously (0.1-10 micrograms/kg) into anesthetized guinea pigs ventilated with room air or 100% oxygen. Administration of 10 micrograms/kg PAF was uniformly lethal: already within 2 min, cardiac output decreased by 60% and end-diastolic left ventricular pressure increased markedly indicating cardiac failure. ECG recordings showed signs of acute myocardial ischemia. Arrhythmias occurred in terms of atrioventricular conduction delay. Blood pressure initially increased, then declined continuously to below baseline within 10 min. All animals died within 25 min. Ventilation with room air was paralleled by development of severe hypoxia. However, under ventilation with 100% oxygen a dissociation between PAF-mediated cardiac and respiratory effects occurred. It is concluded that the PAF-induced shock is primarily based on direct cardiac damage. Furthermore, the ECG signs of ischemia are most likely due to coronary spasms.