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Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic Drugs: Therapeutic Uses and Side Effects

Antipsychotic drugs primarily block dopamine and serotonin receptors and cholinergic, adrenergic, and histaminergic receptors, thereby reducing hallucinations and delusions in conditions like schizophrenia. However, they can trigger unwanted extrapyramidal effects such as dystonias, Parkinson-like symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia.
Despite these side effects, antipsychotics are used therapeutically for various purposes, including managing schizophrenia, preventing nausea and vomiting, curbing...

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs: Overview

The term "psychosis" refers to a spectrum of mental disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. It can manifest as mood disorders, dementia, delirium with psychotic features, substance-induced psychosis with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. Among all these disorders, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder, affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Psychotic symptoms in all...

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents

Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Published on: June 8, 2021

Risperidone associated paralytic ileus in schizophrenia.

Parthasarathy Ramamourthy¹, Arunkumar Kumaran, Shivanand Kattimani

¹Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India.

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

|July 9, 2013

Summary

A patient with schizophrenia developed paralytic ileus, a rare complication of risperidone. Early diagnosis of this intestinal obstruction is crucial to prevent severe outcomes.

Keywords:

Antipsychotic agents intestinal pseudo-obstruction risperidone schizophrenia

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Self-Administration of Drugs in Mouse Models of Feeding and Obesity

Published on: June 8, 2021

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Gastroenterology
Pharmacology

Background:

Schizophrenia treatment often involves antipsychotics like risperidone.
Risperidone is generally considered to have low anticholinergic activity.
Anticholinergic side effects, including constipation, can occur in 7-13% of patients.

Observation:

A 32-year-old male with catatonic schizophrenia was treated with risperidone and lorazepam.
The patient presented with symptoms of intestinal obstruction.
Diagnosis was paralytic ileus, managed conservatively after discontinuing risperidone.

Findings:

Paralytic ileus is a rare but serious adverse effect of risperidone.
While constipation is a known side effect, intestinal obstruction is infrequently reported.
Schizophrenia may involve neurodevelopmental abnormalities affecting both brain and gut nervous systems, potentially increasing predisposition.

Implications:

Timely diagnosis of risperidone-induced paralytic ileus is vital.
Prompt identification can avert surgical intervention and potentially fatal complications.
Understanding the brain-gut axis in schizophrenia may inform risk assessment for adverse drug effects.