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Keap calm, and carry on covalently
Anthony J Wilson1, Jeffrey K Kerns, James F Callahan
1School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
Electrophiles modify the Keap1-Nrf2 system, activating cellular defenses against oxidative stress. This mechanism offers novel therapeutic strategies for diseases like CKD, COPD, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Cellular Biology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- The Nrf2-Keap1 pathway is crucial for cellular defense against oxidative stress.
- Electrophile modification of Keap1 leads to Nrf2 nuclear translocation and activation of protective genes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the therapeutic potential of electrophiles targeting the Nrf2-Keap1 system.
- To discuss the development of novel drug discovery approaches for various diseases.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on the Nrf2-Keap1 system.
- Analysis of electrophilic compounds (isothiocyanates, Michael acceptors) as therapeutic agents.
Main Results:
- Electrophiles can beneficially modulate the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway.
- This modulation initiates protective cellular responses, counteracting oxidative stress.
Conclusions:
- The Nrf2-Keap1 system offers a promising target for treating oxidative stress-related diseases.
- Electrophilic compounds represent a viable, albeit unconventional, class of drugs for conditions including CKD, COPD, asthma, MS, and Parkinson's disease.
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Covalent Bonds
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
Covalent Bonds
Polar Covalent Bonds
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions