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Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

Plasticity

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Stress-induced metaplasticity: from synapses to behavior.

M V Schmidt¹, W C Abraham, M Maroun

¹Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.

|July 11, 2013

Summary

Metaplasticity, the modification of synaptic plasticity, can be extended to a behavioral level. This concept, termed "behavioral metaplasticity," integrates environmental influences on brain plasticity and behavior.

Keywords:

BLA CBP CREB CREB binding protein DG DNA methyl transferase Dnmt GR HAT HDACs LTD LTP MR MeCP2 NFκB basolateral amygdala cognition cyclic AMP-responsive element binding factor dentate gyrus glucocorticoid receptor histone acetyltransferase histone deacetylases long-term depression long-term potentiation mPFC medial prefrontal cortex metaplasticity methyl cytosine-binding protein 2 mineralocorticoid receptor nuclear factor kappa B stress synaptic plasticity

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Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Published on: September 20, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Published on: June 15, 2016

Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Behavioral Neuroscience
Molecular Neuroscience

Background:

Synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation and long-term depression, underlies learning and memory.
Metaplasticity describes modifications to synaptic plasticity induced by prior events.
The concept of metaplasticity is expanding from cellular to global levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the utility of 'behavioral metaplasticity' as a concept.
To frame behavioral metaplasticity within existing metaplasticity research.
To integrate environmental, developmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors influencing plasticity.

Main Methods:

Literature review and conceptual integration.
Analysis of environmental stressors (e.g., stress) as priming events.
Consideration of developmental, genetic, and epigenetic modifications.

Main Results:

Metaplasticity can be conceptualized at a behavioral level, influenced by environmental factors.
Behavioral metaplasticity integrates diverse influences on neural and behavioral outcomes.
A framework is proposed for understanding behavioral metaplasticity.

Conclusions:

Behavioral metaplasticity offers a valuable lens for understanding how environmental factors shape brain function and behavior.
Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying both synaptic and behavioral metaplasticity.
This concept bridges cellular plasticity mechanisms with observable behavioral changes.