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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
09:31

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

Responsive materials for self-regulated insulin delivery.

Weitai Wu1, Shuiqin Zhou

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China. wuwtxmu@xmu.edu.cn.

Macromolecular Bioscience
|July 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are developing advanced glucose-responsive insulin-delivery systems (GRIDS) using smart polymers. These systems offer a promising approach for self-regulated insulin delivery to manage diabetes mellitus effectively.

Keywords:
biological applications of polymersdiabetesgelsinsulin-delivery systemsstimuli-responsive polymers

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Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health issue requiring innovative treatment strategies.
  • Current insulin therapy necessitates frequent patient monitoring and administration.
  • Smart insulin-delivery systems offer potential for improved glycemic control and patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current advancements in glucose-responsive insulin-delivery systems (GRIDS).
  • To discuss the different mechanisms of glucose-sensing employed in these systems.
  • To provide insights into future research directions for GRIDS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of state-of-the-art glucose-responsive insulin-delivery systems (GRIDS).
  • Categorization of GRIDS based on glucose-recognition mechanisms.
  • Discussion of responsive polymer materials utilized in GRIDS.

Main Results:

  • Three primary types of GRIDS are identified based on their glucose-sensitive components: glucose enzyme, glucose binding protein, and synthetic boronic acid.
  • These systems leverage responsive polymers for self-regulated insulin release.
  • The article highlights the potential of these technologies for automated diabetes management.

Conclusions:

  • Glucose-responsive insulin-delivery systems represent a significant advancement in diabetes care.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges and optimize the performance of GRIDS.
  • These systems hold promise for a future of more effective and less burdensome diabetes management.