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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

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Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
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Getting to grips with ammonium.

Yi Wang1, Jonathan A Javitch

  • 1is in the Department of Psychiatry and the Center for Molecular Recognition , Columbia University , New York , United States , and the Division of Molecular Therapeutics , New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York , United States yw2483@columbia.edu.

Elife
|July 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel fluorescent sensor to monitor extracellular ammonium levels. This sensor utilizes a fused green fluorescent protein to detect changes in ammonium transport proteins.

Keywords:
ArabidopsisGFPammoniumbiosensorfluorescent probestransporttransport proteins

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Ammonium is a crucial molecule in biological systems.
  • Monitoring extracellular ammonium is vital for understanding various physiological and environmental processes.
  • Existing methods for ammonium detection may have limitations in real-time monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sensitive and specific fluorescent sensor for real-time extracellular ammonium detection.
  • To utilize protein conformational changes as a readout for ammonium concentration.
  • To create a tool for investigating ammonium transport dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering a fused green fluorescent protein (GFP) construct.
  • Designing the sensor to respond to conformational changes in ammonium transport proteins.
  • Validating sensor performance in vitro and potentially in cellular models.

Main Results:

  • Successful creation of a fluorescent sensor capable of detecting extracellular ammonium.
  • Demonstration that the sensor's fluorescence signal correlates with ammonium levels.
  • Evidence of the sensor detecting conformational changes in target transport proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The developed fluorescent sensor provides a novel method for monitoring extracellular ammonium.
  • This tool can advance the study of ammonium transport and its biological roles.
  • The sensor has potential applications in various fields, including environmental monitoring and biomedical research.