Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cross cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Finnish version of Western Ontario shoulder instability index (WOSI).

BMC musculoskeletal disorders·2022
Same author

BAT is independently affected by peripheral and central pathways.

International journal of obesity (2005)·2017
Same author

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: overview.

British journal of pharmacology·2014
Same author

Orexin/hypocretin receptor signalling cascades.

British journal of pharmacology·2013
Same author

International symposium on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), TRP (ion) channels and lipid signalling - GPCR-Helsinki 2010.

Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)·2012
Same author

OX1 orexin/hypocretin receptor activation of phospholipase D.

British journal of pharmacology·2011
Same journal

Tangeretin ameliorates sepsis-induced neurocognitive impairment in adult male mice by suppressing Akt-driven glycolytic reprogramming and neuroinflammation.

British journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

The discovery and development of ensifentrine: A novel inhaled dual PDE3/4 inhibitor having 'bifunctional' bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory activity.

British journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Glucagon-like peptide-1 improves vascular endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive mice via CREB-driven transcriptional regulation of long non-coding RNA 155383.

British journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

The chemokine receptor-like fourth extracellular loop of the apelin receptor differentially regulates apelin and elabela binding and signalling.

British journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Peripheral targets for neuropathic pain.

British journal of pharmacology·2026
Same journal

Therapeutic potential of liver X receptor agonist GW3965 in preserving myelin integrity following traumatic brain injury.

British journal of pharmacology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation
09:29

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

Published on: August 4, 2023

Orexin/hypocretin receptor signalling: a functional perspective.

C S Leonard1, J P Kukkonen

  • 1Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.

British Journal of Pharmacology
|July 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Orexin (hypocretin) peptides regulate waking and appetite. This review reveals diverse orexin receptor signaling in various tissues, suggesting site-specific functions beyond simple wakefulness promotion.

Keywords:
adipose tissueadrenal glandcell deathdepolarizationhormone releasehypocretinneuronorexinplasticitysecond messenger

More Related Videos

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice
08:58

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation
09:29

Isolation of Targeted Hypothalamic Neurons for Studies of Hormonal, Metabolic, and Electrical Regulation

Published on: August 4, 2023

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice
08:58

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Orexin (hypocretin) peptides and their GPCRs are crucial for homeostatic regulation.
  • Orexin signaling is essential for wakefulness and disrupted in narcolepsy.
  • Orexin receptors influence appetite, metabolism, stress, reward, and are present in peripheral tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate knowledge on orexin receptor signaling from expression systems and native cell types.
  • To explore orexin signaling across diverse tissues including the CNS and peripheral organs.
  • To highlight the diversity and site-specific utilization of orexin receptor signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating studies on orexin receptor signaling.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways in recombinant and native cell lines (e.g., CHO cells).
  • Examination of orexin signaling in various tissues: CNS, gastrointestinal tract, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, adipose, and male reproductive system.

Main Results:

  • A significant gap exists between known signaling in recombinant versus native systems.
  • Evidence suggests orexin receptor signaling is more diverse than previously understood.
  • Orexin receptor signaling diversity is likely utilized in a site-specific manner by native receptors.

Conclusions:

  • Orexin receptor signaling encompasses a broader range of pathways and functions than initially recognized.
  • Native orexin receptors exhibit site-specific signaling diversity, impacting various physiological processes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex roles of orexin receptor signaling in health and disease.