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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Assessing Human Spatial Navigation in a Virtual Space and its Sensitivity to Exercise

Published on: January 26, 2024

Stepping into a map: initial heading direction influences spatial memory flexibility.

Stephanie A Gagnon¹, Tad T Brunyé, Aaron Gardony

¹U.S. Army Natick Soldier RDEC, Cognitive Science Team; Department of Psychology, Tufts University.

Cognitive Science

|July 17, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Learning new environments is faster when body-centered directions align with world-centered maps, like north being up. This suggests spatial memory development favors a preferred orientation.

Keywords:

Navigation Orientation Spatial language Virtual environments

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Spatial Cognition

Background:

Novel environment learning integrates egocentric (body-centered) and allocentric (world-centered) spatial information.
Understanding how these reference frames interact during learning is crucial for cognitive map development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the parallel development of egocentric and allocentric spatial memories.
To examine how conflicting reference frames influence learning and memory flexibility.
To identify features of spatial memory representation and preferred orientation.

Main Methods:

Two experiments involved participants learning novel environments using route perspective reading and virtual navigation.
Body-centered and world-centered reference frames were intentionally conflicted during learning.
Learning outcomes were measured using online and offline assessments.

Main Results:

Faster learning and increased memory flexibility were observed when participants started exploration with a northward allocentric heading.
Aligning body-centered (left/right) with world-centered (NSEW) reference frames facilitated spatial memory development.
Results suggest parallel development of egocentric and allocentric memories.

Conclusions:

Novel environment learning benefits from aligning egocentric and allocentric reference frames, particularly with a northward orientation.
Cognitive maps appear to have a preferred orientation, aligning with traditional map conventions (north upward).
This preference indicates a strong link between daily experiences and spatial knowledge representation.