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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials

Published on: April 27, 2021

Concussion: current concepts in diagnosis and management.

Michael R Borich¹, Katharine L Cheung, Paul Jones

¹Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy : JNPT

|July 23, 2013

Summary

Concussion understanding is limited by misconceptions about brain injury. Further research into pathophysiology, risk factors, and recovery is crucial for effective interventions.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials

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Published on: April 27, 2021

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Sports Medicine
Neurology

Background:

Current understanding of concussion is limited by misconceptions regarding the extent and nature of brain injury.
Significant knowledge gaps exist in diagnosis, brain pathology, functional recovery, and optimal interventions for concussion.
Concussion receives increasing attention in popular media and sports contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the definition and risk factors of concussion.
To summarize and critique widely used assessment tools and current management principles.
To highlight opportunities for novel neuroimaging in understanding concussion pathophysiology and recovery.

Main Methods:

Review and critique of existing literature on concussion definition, risk factors, assessment, and management.
Discussion of current knowledge gaps and future research directions.
Identification of potential roles for advanced neuroimaging techniques.

Main Results:

Misconceptions about concussion persist, highlighting a need for clearer definitions and understanding of brain pathology.
Current concussion management principles require critical evaluation of supporting evidence.
Novel neuroimaging techniques present opportunities to better understand concussion pathophysiology and brain recovery.

Conclusions:

A clearer definition of underlying brain pathology, long-term consequences, and risk factors is needed.
Future research should focus on minimizing injury impact and developing innovative therapeutic approaches.
Advanced neuroimaging can aid in evaluating brain changes during concussion recovery and rehabilitation.