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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
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Published on: February 1, 2018

Response to Group Exercise Outcomes Differ by Baseline Physical Activity in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: An

Margaret A Finley1, Laura A Baehr, Michael Bruneau

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.F., L.A.B., J.M.,M.C., J.M., E.P.); Department of Health Science, College of Nursing and Health Professions, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.B.); and Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.V.H.).

Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy : JNPT
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel tele-exercise program improved physical activity (PA) and self-efficacy in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Non-exercisers experienced significant gains in self-esteem and social participation, demonstrating the program

Keywords:
physical activitypsychosocialself-efficacyspinal cord injury

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation science
  • Exercise physiology
  • Health psychology

Background:

  • Nearly 50% of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) report no regular physical activity (PA).
  • Barriers to exercise are prevalent in the SCI population.
  • A novel group tele-exercise program was developed to address these barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare outcomes of exercisers versus non-exercisers following an 8-week tele-exercise program.
  • To assess the impact of the Tele-Exercise to promote Empowered Movement in individuals with SCI (TEEMS) program on determinants of PA behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-one individuals with chronic SCI participated, including 24 non-exercisers.
  • Assessed primary outcomes: Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale for SCI, Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise, Leisure Time PA Questionnaire for SCI, Subjective Quality of Life.
  • Secondary outcomes included sleep, pain interference, and SCI Quality of Life domains, assessed pre-, post-, and at 8-week retention.

Main Results:

  • Pre-program non-exercisers had lower exercise expectations, PA levels, and self-esteem compared to exercisers.
  • Non-exercisers significantly improved exercise self-efficacy and moderate- to high-intensity PA post-program, eliminating group differences.
  • Non-exercisers showed large improvements in social role participation, satisfaction, and self-esteem, which were maintained at retention.

Conclusions:

  • The TEEMS program positively impacted personal determinants of PA behavior in individuals with SCI, particularly non-exercisers.
  • Participation led to improved self-esteem, social participation, and exercise self-efficacy.
  • Gains in exercise knowledge and expectations of internal exercise outcomes contributed to improved self-efficacy.