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Reprogramming of plants during systemic acquired resistance.

Katrin Gruner1, Thomas Griebel, Hana Návarová

  • 1Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis involves significant gene reprogramming, regulated by FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1). This process reallocates resources towards salicylic acid (SA)-related defenses, suppressing other pathways for robust plant immunity.

Keywords:
defense priminggene classificationgene regulationsalicylic acidsystemic acquired resistancetranscriptional profiling

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Plant Pathology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a crucial plant immune response providing broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying SAR, particularly the transcriptional reprogramming in systemic tissues, are not fully elucidated.
  • FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) is a known regulator of SAR, but its precise role in gene expression changes requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze genome-wide gene expression changes during SAR activation in Arabidopsis.
  • To identify the key regulator FMO1 in SAR-induced transcriptional reprogramming.
  • To elucidate the roles of salicylic acid (SA) and other signaling pathways in SAR establishment and execution.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide microarray analyses were performed on Arabidopsis to profile gene expression changes in systemic leaves during SAR.
  • Gene expression data were analyzed to identify up- and down-regulated genes (SAR(+) and SAR(-) genes).
  • Functional gene categorization and alignment with existing microarray data were used to define gene clusters and signaling pathways involved.

Main Results:

  • Hundreds of plant genes were consistently up- or down-regulated in systemic tissue during SAR, dependent on FMO1.
  • SAR(+) genes were enriched in salicylic acid (SA)-associated defenses, signal transduction, and transport, while SAR(-) genes were linked to jasmonate (JA)/ethylene (ET) pathways and cell wall remodeling.
  • Three clusters of SAR(+) genes were identified: SA-regulated, SA-independent, and partly SA-dependent, suggesting a co-operation of SA-dependent and -independent signaling events.

Conclusions:

  • SAR involves a significant transcriptional reprogramming orchestrated by FMO1, shifting plant resources from growth to SA-mediated defense.
  • Both SA-dependent and SA-independent signaling pathways are crucial for SAR activation and execution, with early SA-independent events potentially initiating SA biosynthesis.
  • SAR establishes diverse resistance layers, suppresses JA and ABA signaling, maintains redox homeostasis, and primes defense pathways for enhanced plant immunity.