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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
08:10

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 20, 2022

Changes in left atrial functional indexes in ischemic stroke patients.

Chung-Wen Chen1, Shu-Yi Chen, Rey-Nein Tung

  • 1Department of Neurology, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.

Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA
|July 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Acute ischemic stroke is linked to altered left atrial (LA) function, even without significant changes in LA size. Vector velocity imaging (VVI) effectively assesses these functional changes, highlighting the need for further research into LA functional indexes.

Keywords:
atrial functionechocardiographystrokevector velocity imaging

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Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs
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Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Published on: July 20, 2022

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs
12:03

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Published on: April 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Increased left atrial (LA) size is a known predictor of cardiovascular events, including stroke.
  • LA dysfunction can manifest independently of LA size.
  • The relationship between stroke and LA functional changes remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between acute ischemic stroke and left atrial (LA) function.
  • To evaluate the utility of vector velocity imaging (VVI) in assessing LA contractile characteristics in stroke patients.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective enrollment of acute ischemic stroke patients and healthy controls, excluding those with significant cardiac arrhythmia or heart failure.
  • Echocardiography examination including conventional parameters and vector velocity imaging (VVI) for LA and left ventricle contractile analysis.
  • Comparison of mitral inflow velocities, LA volumes, and emptying function between stroke patients and controls.

Main Results:

  • Stroke patients exhibited lower mitral inflow E-wave and higher A-wave velocities compared to controls.
  • Active emptying percent of total LA emptying was significantly higher in stroke patients.
  • Diastolic emptying index of the LA was significantly lower in stroke patients, despite no difference in maximal LA volume.

Conclusions:

  • Acute ischemic stroke is associated with distinct alterations in mitral inflow velocities and LA emptying function.
  • Vector velocity imaging (VVI) provides a convenient method for quantitative assessment of LA volumes and function.
  • LA functional changes may precede or occur without significant structural changes, warranting further investigation into the clinical implications of LA functional indexes.