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Related Concept Videos

Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

Phloem and Sugar Transport

Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
Plasmodesmata02:32

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Plasmodesmata01:20

Plasmodesmata

In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Intercellular junctions are a feature of fungal, plant, and animal cells. However, different types of junctions are found in different kinds of cells. Intercellular junctions found in animal cells include tight junctions, gap junctions, and...

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Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method
09:38

Collection and Analysis of Arabidopsis Phloem Exudates Using the EDTA-facilitated Method

Published on: October 23, 2013

Phloem-mobile messenger RNAs and root development.

David J Hannapel1, Pooja Sharma, Tian Lin

  • 1Plant Biology Major, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|July 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mobile full-length mRNAs regulate root growth by moving through plant phloem. These signals influence hormone pathways, impacting root development and lateral root formation in plants.

Keywords:
StBEL5auxinhormonesmobile RNAsnon-cell-autonomouspotato

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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Shootward Movement of CFDA Tracer Loaded in the Bottom Sink Tissues of Arabidopsis
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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Plant physiology

Background:

  • The phloem transports various signaling molecules, including full-length mRNAs, that regulate plant development.
  • Long-distance transport of specific mRNAs influences both floral and vegetative growth processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss two recent examples of long-distance mRNA transport into plant roots.
  • To explore the target genes and pathways affected by these mobile RNA signals.
  • To understand the role of mobile RNAs in regulating root growth.

Main Methods:

  • RNA movement assays were used to track transcript transport in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Arabidopsis.
  • Heterografting techniques identified phloem-mobile Aux/IAA transcripts in Arabidopsis.
  • Analysis of transcript accumulation associated with hormone metabolism.

Main Results:

  • StBEL5 mRNA moves from leaves to stolons and roots, correlating with increased root growth and altered hormone metabolism gene expression.
  • Phloem-mobile Aux/IAA transcripts transported into Arabidopsis roots suppress lateral root formation.
  • Both StBEL5 and Aux/IAA RNA transport are linked to hormone metabolism, targeting auxin synthesis or signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Long-distance mobile RNAs play a crucial role in regulating root growth and development.
  • These mobile RNAs interact with hormone signaling pathways, particularly auxin.
  • Potential transcriptional links exist between the BEL1/KNOX complex and Aux/IAA genes.