AI-nanotech synergies: recent advances in sustainable bio-manufacturing

Microbial fermentation plays a crucial role in industrial biotechnology, however, conventional and manual optimization methods often encounter challenges related to scalability and precision. Despite notable progress, a significant limitation in the current literature remains. Most studies address artificial intelligence or nanotechnology applications in isolation, which limits their ability to overcome multifaceted bottlenecks in real-time control and sustainable scale-up of fermentation processes. This review examines the transformative impact of convergence in artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology on fermentation processes. AI tools, including neural networks, genetic algorithms and deep reinforcement learning, are employed to predict microbial behaviour, adjust conditions in real time and boost yields. Meanwhile, nanotechnology offers smart and innovative solutions, such as nano-carriers and sensors, for targeted microbial modulation and enzyme activation. The review underscores latest research done on AI-optimized fermentation and nanoparticle-assisted systems, showing their potential in streamlining high-throughput screening and scaling up production. Although fully integrated AI-nanotech fermentation systems are still in development, current research indicates significant potential across sectors like biofuels, food and pharmaceuticals. Synergistically, these innovations suggest a more intelligent and sustainable future for bio-manufacturing, one that aligns with circular bio-economy objectives and advances key United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.