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Pair-flowered cymes in the Lamiales: structure, distribution and origin.

¹Department of Structural and Functional Botany, Faculty Center of Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.

Annals of Botany

|July 26, 2013

Summary

Pair-flowered cymes (PFCs) are unique to Lamiales and found in Calceolariaceae, Sanango, Gesneriaceae, and Plantaginaceae. Their origin is likely a single synapomorphy, though molecular data suggest multiple origins are possible.

Keywords:

Calceolariaceae Gesneriaceae Inflorescence Lamiales Peltanthera Plantaginaceae Sanango Scrophulariaceae, Stilbaceae cyme pair-flowered cyme raceme thyrse

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Area of Science:

Plant evolutionary biology
Inflorescence morphology
Systematics of Lamiales

Background:

Indeterminate thyrses, composed of axillary cymes, are common in Lamiales.
Two cyme types exist: ordinary cymes and unique pair-flowered cymes (PFCs).
The distribution, origin, and phylogeny of PFCs remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the occurrence and diversity of pair-flowered cymes (PFCs) within the Lamiales order.
To explore the evolutionary origins and phylogenetic implications of PFCs.

Main Methods:

Systematic screening of Lamiales taxa for the presence of PFCs, ordinary cymes, and single flowers.
Morphological and developmental analysis of PFCs.
Phylogenetic analysis incorporating data from related taxa like Peltanthera.

Main Results:

PFCs exhibit significant morphological and developmental diversity.
PFCs are found in Calceolariaceae, Sanango, Gesneriaceae, and within specific tribes of Plantaginaceae.
Evidence suggests PFCs may have originated from paniculate inflorescences, with front flowers as remnants.

Conclusions:

PFCs are likely a synapomorphy for a clade within Lamiales, with a probable single origin.
The distribution pattern suggests PFCs may have been lost in parts of the Plantaginaceae.
Molecular data present ambiguity, allowing for scenarios of single, double, or triple origins depending on phylogenetic interpretations.