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Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

Types of Coprecipitation

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Colloids

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...

Precipitation Reactions

Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...

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Related Experiment Video

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Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

Published on: March 5, 2014

Splashing onset in dense suspension droplets.

Ivo R Peters¹, Qin Xu, Heinrich M Jaeger

¹James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. irpeters@uchicago.edu

Physical Review Letters

|July 30, 2013

Summary

Researchers developed a new particle-based energy balance to predict splash onset for dense suspension droplets. This method accurately considers particle size and density, improving understanding of droplet impact dynamics.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

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Area of Science:

Fluid Dynamics
Materials Science
Surface Science

Background:

Droplet impact on solid surfaces is crucial in many industrial processes.
Predicting splash onset for dense suspensions is challenging with traditional hydrodynamic models.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a reliable criterion for splash onset in dense suspension droplet impacts.
To investigate the influence of particle properties on splash dynamics.

Main Methods:

Experimental investigation of droplet impact using dense suspensions.
Development and application of an energy balance model at the particle level.
Introduction of a particle-based Weber number for splash analysis.

Main Results:

Global hydrodynamic balance fails to predict splash onset accurately.
The particle-based Weber number provides a reliable, particle size and density dependent splash criterion.
The energy balance model explains preferential escape of smaller particles in bimodal systems.

Conclusions:

Particle-level energy balance is superior to global hydrodynamic balance for predicting splash onset in dense suspensions.
The particle-based Weber number is a key parameter for understanding droplet impact phenomena.
Findings offer insights into particle segregation during droplet splashing.