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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Multiple antigen-presenting system (MAPS) to induce comprehensive B- and T-cell immunity.

Fan Zhang1, Ying-Jie Lu, Richard Malley

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A new Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS) vaccine platform creates macromolecular complexes to mimic whole-cell vaccines. This approach enhances immunogenicity and provides comprehensive protection against diverse pathogens.

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Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
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Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing
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Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
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Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) are effective but have safety concerns.
  • Acellular and subunit vaccines offer improved safety but have limited efficacy due to reduced antigen diversity and immunogenicity.
  • T-cell immunity is crucial for protection against certain pathogens, but is often lacking in subunit vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel vaccine system that combines the benefits of WCVs and subunit vaccines.
  • To create a platform for designing subunit vaccines with enhanced immunogenicity and broad protective capabilities.
  • To investigate the potential of a new system for structure-activity analysis of immunogens.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Multiple Antigen-Presenting System (MAPS) technology.
  • Integration of diverse antigenic components (polysaccharides and proteins) into a single macromolecular complex.
  • Testing the MAPS system using antigens from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Main Results:

  • The MAPS system successfully created macromolecular complexes mimicking WCV properties.
  • MAPS induced multipronged immune responses, including antibody, Th1, and Th17 responses.
  • Demonstrated versatility and feasibility of MAPS for designing subunit vaccines against multiple pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • The MAPS platform offers a promising strategy for developing next-generation subunit vaccines.
  • MAPS can overcome limitations of current acellular vaccines by enhancing immunogenicity and antigen diversity.
  • This system holds potential for comprehensive protection through multiple immune mechanisms and for immunogen structure-activity studies.