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Updated: May 9, 2026

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Published on: August 30, 2020
Incidence and risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China
Jingfen Zhang1, Guorong Liu, Hisatomi Arima
1From the Department of Neurology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China (J.Z., G.L., Y.L., G.C., L.L.); The George Institute for Global Health and the University of Sydney, Australia (H.A., I.S., C.S.A.); Department of Neurology, Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China (H.W.); Department of Neurology, The 1st affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China (C.Z.); Department of Neurology, Baotou No 4 Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China (J.Z.); and Department of Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia (C.S.A.).
Background And Purpose:
To determine incidence and risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China.
Methods:
A prospective, population-based, 1:2 matched case-control study in Baotou, Inner Mongolia (≈2 million population) in 2009-2011. Multiple variable models used to determine relative risk and population-attributable risks for exposures.
Results:
For a total of 226 patients (mean age, 59 years; 65% women; 434 controls), crude annual incidence (per 100 000) of subarachnoid hemorrhage was 6.2 (95% confidence intervals, 5.4-7.0); 4.3 (3.3-5.2) for men and 8.2 (6.9-9.6) for women. Compared with nonsmokers, adjusted relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage in current smokers was 2.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-4.09) but was 4.00 (1.62-9.89) in women. Population-attributable risk for smoking, hypertension, and low income were 18%, 36% and 59%, respectively.
Conclusions:
The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China is slightly lower than in Western countries and is related to smoking, hypertension, and poor socioeconomic status.
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