[Attempts at analyzing the initiation of the initial processes of carcinogenesis based on the Xiphophorus melanoma...

Certain backcross hybrids (BC8-22) of a spotted X. maculatus (platyfish) and a non-spotted X. helleri (swordtail; recurrent parent) are highly sensitive to mutagenic carcinogens and, after a latent period of 8 to 12 months, develop melanoma of unicellular origin that is genealogically related to the spots of the platyfish. Sensitivity to the carcinogen or susceptibility to melanoma, respectively, are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and can be assigned to a "tumor gene-complex" (Tu-complex) consisting probably of almost 20 genes. The Tu-complex is located at the end of an autosome or sex chromosome, and is largely deregulated by crossing conditioned replacement of platyfish chromosome carrying regulatory genes (tumor suppressor genes, oncostatic genes, antioncogenes) for the Tu-complex by swordtail chromosomes lacking them. The melanoma-free condition of these BC-hybrids depends upon the skin-specific regulatory gene Bs (body side) that requires impairment in a pigment cell precursor for the outgrowth of melanoma. Structural mutations involving different breakpoints indicate that the signal for melanoma formation comes from a particular region of the Tu-complex where an accessory v-erb B related oncogene (x-erb B*a; 85% homology to the human EGF receptor gene) is located. Northern blot analyses of the melanoma cell line showed an about 20-fold overexpression of x-erbB*a. Both the inositol lipid turnover [(3H)inositol incorporated into phosphoinositides], and the xiphophorine pp60x-src kinase activity that are assumed to be causally involved in tumor formation showed a remarkable elevation in the melanoma as compared to the normal tissue (brain) of the tumorous and non-tumourous (with or without the Tu-complex) segregants. Other BC hybrids carrying the Tu-complex but lacking the linked regulatory gene develop melanoma "spontaneously". This kind of melanoma occurs early in the course of life, is of multicellular origin, and is inherited as a Mendelian character. In contrast to the BC hybrids requiring somatic mutation for melanoma formation, both inositol, lipid turnover and x-src activity are remarkable enhanced in both melanoma and normal tissues. A mutant of the laller BC hybrids carrying in addition of the Tu-complex the homozygous oncostatic gene g (g/g, "golden") that arrests pigment cell differentiation in the stem cell stage is incapable to develop melanoma spontaneously. Nevertheless it shows the elevation of inositol lipid turnover and x-src activity in its always healthy tissues. Following treatment with tumor promoters such as TPA and steroid hormones pigment cell differentiation recovers and melanoma of multicellular origin develops within 4 to 8 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)