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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker proteins that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia
08:58

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia

Published on: May 1, 2021

Bbof1 is required to maintain cilia orientation.

Yuan-Hung Chien1, Michael E Werner, Jennifer Stubbs

  • 1The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|August 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A newly identified protein, bbof1, is crucial for aligning hundreds of motile cilia in multiciliate cells (MCCs). This protein ensures proper cilia orientation, essential for directed fluid flow in various organs.

Keywords:
CiliaPlanar cell polarityXenopus

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Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea
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Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia
08:58

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia

Published on: May 1, 2021

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model
09:53

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model

Published on: March 28, 2025

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea
07:07

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea

Published on: February 21, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Multiciliate cells (MCCs) use hundreds of motile cilia for directed fluid flow.
  • Cilia orientation in MCCs relies on planar cell polarity (PCP) and hydrodynamic cues.
  • Downstream mechanisms for precise cilia orientation remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel components regulating cilia orientation in MCCs.
  • To characterize the function of the uncharacterized coiled-coil protein bbof1.
  • To elucidate the role of bbof1 in MCC differentiation and cilia alignment.

Main Methods:

  • Phenotypic analysis of bbof1-deficient embryos.
  • Analysis of MCC differentiation and ciliogenesis.
  • Investigation of cilia orientation in response to genetic manipulation and physical cues.
  • Localization studies of bbof1 within MCCs.

Main Results:

  • bbof1 expression is induced by foxj1 during early MCC differentiation.
  • Reduced bbof1 activity severely disrupts cilia orientation but not differentiation or ciliogenesis.
  • bbof1 mutants exhibit impaired maintenance of cilia orientation despite responsiveness to patterning and flow cues.
  • Misexpression of bbof1 enhances cilia alignment, independent of flow or cytoskeletal integrity.
  • bbof1 localizes to a polar structure near the basal body, suggesting a role in basal body function.

Conclusions:

  • bbof1 is a novel basal body component essential for cilia alignment and orientation in MCCs.
  • bbof1 functions downstream of PCP and hydrodynamic cues to maintain precise cilia orientation.
  • bbof1 plays a critical role in establishing directed fluid flow by ensuring proper cilia alignment.