Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Diversity and Content Reliability Among Dermatologist Influencers on TikTok: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Cureus·2026
Same author

An Atypical Presentation of Ecthyma Gangrenosum in a Patient With Waldenström Macroglobulinemia.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Bannwarth Syndrome in a Patient With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: An Atypical Manifestation of Lyme Neuroborreliosis.

Cureus·2026
Same author

The NOTCH4-GATA4-IRG1 axis as a novel target in early-onset colorectal cancer.

Cytokine & growth factor reviews·2022
Same author

Hypercalcemia as a rare presentation of angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma: a case report.

Journal of medical case reports·2018
Same author

Uncomplicated Spontaneous Rupture of a Pancreatic Pseudocyst Into the Stomach Through a Fistula: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Pancreas·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Conscious sedation: a dying practice?

Palaniappan Manickam, Ziad Kanaan, Khalid Zakaria

    World Journal of Gastroenterology
    |August 1, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Sedation practices for endoscopy vary globally, with propofol often preferred over midazolam for better patient satisfaction and safety. Updated international guidelines are needed for optimal sedation agent use in gastroenterology.

    Keywords:
    ConsciousEndoscopyFentanylMeperidinePropofolSedation

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 9, 2026

    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
    07:54

    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

    Published on: December 6, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology and Endoscopy
    • Anesthesiology and Sedation Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Sedation practices in endoscopy differ significantly across countries due to varying healthcare regulations, procedural types, and local factors.
    • Endoscopist attitudes towards sedation are influenced by practice settings (university vs. academic) and systematic differences.

    Discussion:

    • Conscious sedation with midazolam and opioids is standard, but propofol is increasingly preferred by endoscopists for higher satisfaction and a favorable pharmacokinetic profile.
    • Propofol offers a short half-life, potentially reducing the risk of hepatic encephalopathy compared to other agents.
    • Midazolam is favored among benzodiazepines due to its shorter action and better pharmacokinetics than diazepam.

    Key Insights:

    • Propofol demonstrates higher patient satisfaction and safety benefits, such as a lower risk of hepatic encephalopathy, making it a preferred agent.
    • Midazolam remains a viable option, particularly when benzodiazepine properties are desired, due to its pharmacokinetic advantages over diazepam.

    Outlook:

    • Supervised sedation administration by trained endoscopists may become standard practice.
    • There is an urgent need for an updated international consensus on the use of sedative agents, including propofol, in endoscopic procedures.