[Hypoparathyroidism: the present state of art]

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Metabolic Disorders

Context:

• Hypoparathyroidism is a condition characterized by insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion or function.
• While often considered rare, its actual prevalence may be underestimated, with neck surgery and autoimmune diseases being primary causes.

Purpose:

• To review the causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies for hypoparathyroidism.
• To provide practical guidance for managing patients with this endocrine disorder.

Summary:

• Clinical manifestations of PTH deficiency range from neurological hyperexcitability and tetany to non-specific symptoms that can delay diagnosis.
• Laboratory findings typically include hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, with low or undetectable PTH levels (except in pseudohypoparathyroidism).
• Management involves oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation.

Impact:

• Undiagnosed or misdiagnosed hypoparathyroidism can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.
• Understanding the diverse clinical picture and diagnostic nuances is essential for effective patient care and improved health outcomes.