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Related Concept Videos

Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice
09:34

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

The hippocampus, time, and memory across scales.

Marc W Howard1, Howard Eichenbaum

  • 1Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The hippocampus encodes temporal information using "time cells," representing recent experiences up to thousands of seconds. This temporal context representation aids memory and internal timekeeping.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Animal studies reveal hippocampal
  • time cells
  • encoding moments in time, analogous to
  • place cells
  • for spatial mapping.
  • Human behavioral studies suggest episodic memory relies on a gradually changing temporal context over thousands of seconds.
  • This temporal context is theorized to enable
  • mental time travel
  • by recovering past states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a unified framework integrating findings on hippocampal time cells and temporal context.
  • To suggest the hippocampus maintains a record of recent temporal history (up to thousands of seconds).

More Related Videos

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
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Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice
13:34

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Published on: June 4, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice
09:34

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice

Published on: June 19, 2019

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
14:27

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice
13:34

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Published on: June 4, 2020

  • To explore the trade-offs between representing long time scales and temporal precision.

    • Main Methods:

    • Review of experimental animal studies on hippocampal neural networks.
    • Analysis of human behavioral studies on episodic memory and temporal context.
    • Discussion of computational models for scale-invariant temporal representations.

    Main Results:

    • Hippocampal function in temporal organization may involve a unified representation of temporal history.
    • This representation captures recent experiences (thousands of seconds) with decreasing precision for older events.
    • A scale-invariant mechanism for constructing this temporal representation is proposed.

    Conclusions:

    • The hippocampus integrates spatial and temporal information, contributing to memory and cognition.
    • The representation of internal time within the hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory.
    • This temporal representation mechanism may extend to other memory systems.