Mechanical effects of sodium fluoride on bovine cortical bone

Seventeen 5 to 6-month-old Holstein heifer calves were divided into three groups and fed either a control ration alone or a control ration with sufficient sodium fluoride added to furnish an additional 30 or 50 p.p.m. fluoride based on total dry matter intake. After 6 years of the feedings, mean (SEM) fluoride concentrations in the metacarpals were found to be 594.6 (66.2), 2663.8 (319.2), and 4500.0 (417.8) p.p.m. Bone mineral density and mechanical evaluations were also conducted on the harvested metacarpals after the 6-year period. Using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, mean (SEM) bone mineral densities of 3.030 (0.26), 2.801 (0.34), and 2.456 (0.19) g cm(-2) for the control group, the group receiving 30 p.p.m. fluoride, and the group receiving 50 p.p.m. respectively were found. For the mechanical testing, specimens were cut and tested in compression parallel to the long axis of the metacarpals. Mean (SEM) ultimate stress of 204.53 (3.63), 208.83 (5.25), and 205.93 (5.12) MPa and mean (SEM) Young's elastic moduli of 20.82 (1.52), 22.68 (2.38), and 21.55 (1.60) GPa for the control, the 30 p.p.m., and the 50 p.p.m. fluoride groups respectively were determined. No significant differences were found between control and treatment groups for either mechanical properties or bone mineral density.