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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in the Cnidarian Model System Exaiptasia diaphana

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in the Cnidarian Model System Exaiptasia diaphana

Published on: March 17, 2023

Molecular genetics and epigenetics of CACTA elements.

Nina V Fedoroff¹

¹Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|August 7, 2013

Summary

Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposons, a type of CACTA element, use transposase (TnpD) and regulatory protein (TnpA) for transposition. TnpA activates methylated Spm and regulates active promoters, crucial for transposition.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Plant Science

Background:

CACTA transposons are abundant Class 2 (cut-and-paste) elements in plants.
They feature conserved terminal motifs and extensive subterminal repeat sequences.
The Suppressor-mutator (Spm) is a well-studied paradigmatic CACTA element.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the roles of Spm-encoded proteins in CACTA transposon regulation and transposition.
To understand the interplay between epigenetic modifications and transposon activity.

Main Methods:

Genetic analysis of Spm transposon function.
Biochemical characterization of Spm-encoded transposase (TnpD) and regulatory protein (TnpA).
Investigation of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation.

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Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Published on: January 28, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in the Cnidarian Model System Exaiptasia diaphana

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Published on: March 17, 2023

Profiling of H3K4me3 Modification in Plants using Cleavage under Targets and Tagmentation

Profiling of H3K4me3 Modification in Plants using Cleavage under Targets and Tagmentation

Published on: April 22, 2022

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Published on: January 28, 2011

Main Results:

Spm transposons encode two key proteins: transposase (TnpD) and regulatory protein (TnpA).
TnpA binds to subterminal repeats and acts as an activator for epigenetically silenced (methylated) Spm elements.
TnpA also functions as a negative regulator of active Spm promoters and is essential for transposition alongside TnpD.

Conclusions:

Spm transposon activity is tightly regulated by its encoded proteins and epigenetic states.
TnpA plays a dual role in activating silenced transposons and regulating active ones.
Understanding Spm regulation provides insights into the broader mechanisms of CACTA transposon dynamics in plants.