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Related Concept Videos

Types of Microorganisms01:29

Types of Microorganisms

Microorganisms are a diverse group of microscopic entities broadly categorized into cellular and acellular types based on their structural organization. Cellular microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and algae, while acellular microorganisms are represented by viruses.Cellular MicroorganismsBacteriaBacteria, tiny prokaryotic organisms, exhibit fascinating shapes such as rods, spheres, and spirals. They adapt to diverse habitats, including soil, water, and human-associated...
Deep Sea Microbial Ecology01:18

Deep Sea Microbial Ecology

The deep ocean and its underlying sediments represent vast, largely unexplored microbial habitats that extend far beyond the sunlit photic zone. The photic (euphotic) zone typically spans the upper ~100–200 meters of pelagic waters in the open ocean, but its depth varies geographically and seasonally, where sufficient light supports photosynthetic life. Below this lies the deep sea, spanning roughly 1000–6000 meters (bathypelagic to abyssal zones), with deeper hadal trenches extending beyond...
Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
Surface Area
Cells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding the cells limits the...
Threats to Biodiversity01:50

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
Bacterial Phylum Proteobacteria01:26

Bacterial Phylum Proteobacteria

Proteobacteria, one of the largest and most diverse bacterial phyla, encompasses a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria distinguished by their outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides. These microorganisms exhibit various metabolic capabilities, including phototrophy, chemolithotrophy, and heterotrophy, and thrive in diverse environments from soil to aquatic systems and host-associated niches. The phylum is divided into six classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)
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Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)

Published on: November 1, 2017

Smallest organism; highest threat.

Amit Pant1, Rupesh Chikhale, Pankaj Wadibhasme

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS) India.

Materia Socio-Medica
|August 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Viral infections remain a significant global health challenge, necessitating novel antiviral drugs and vaccines. This review examines pandemics, treatments, and future directions for controlling these elusive pathogens.

Keywords:
HIV-AIDSHepatitisInfluenzaMeaslesRubella.

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Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)
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Published on: November 1, 2017

A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles
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A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles

Published on: July 11, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Viruses, discovered in the early 20th century, present ongoing challenges in treatment and control.
  • Despite available vaccines and antiviral drugs, viruses can persist within host cells, complicating eradication efforts.
  • The classification of viruses as living or non-living remains a subject of scientific debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review significant viral pandemics throughout history.
  • To discuss the causative agents and current treatment strategies for viral infections.
  • To explore future prospects for developing more effective antiviral therapies and preventative vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical pandemics and viral research.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic and prophylactic approaches.
  • Synthesis of information on viral evolution and disease control.

Main Results:

  • Viral infections continue to pose a substantial threat, demanding innovative medical interventions.
  • Existing treatments face limitations in fully eradicating viruses from infected hosts.
  • There is a critical need for enhanced drug potency and vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Novel antiviral drugs and vaccines are essential to combat viral threats effectively.
  • Addressing the challenges of viral persistence and treatment efficacy is crucial for global health.
  • Future research should focus on developing advanced strategies for viral disease prevention and management.