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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
05:19

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: July 7, 2023

Advances in brain stimulation for depression.

Anna Wani1, Kenneth Trevino, Paige Marnell

  • 1University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235, USA.

Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists
|August 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neurostimulation offers promising alternatives for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are FDA-approved, while magnetic seizure therapy (MST) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) show future potential.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
05:19

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: July 7, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and disabling condition.
  • Many patients do not respond adequately to traditional antidepressant medications.
  • Neurostimulation techniques are emerging as alternative treatments for depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in neurostimulation for treating depression.
  • To examine the description, rationale, efficacy, and side effects of various neurostimulation modalities.
  • To highlight the current status and future potential of these treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of neurostimulation techniques.
  • Focus on vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST), and deep brain stimulation (DBS).
  • Analysis of findings related to efficacy and side effects.

Main Results:

  • VNS and TMS are FDA-approved for depression; VNS for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and TMS for milder TRD.
  • Further research is needed to optimize VNS and TMS utilization.
  • Investigational therapies MST and DBS show promise but require further study.

Conclusions:

  • Neurostimulation techniques represent significant advancements in depression treatment.
  • These methods offer promising alternatives for patients with severe TRD, complementing electroconvulsive therapy.