Brain Imaging
Electroconvulsive Therapy
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Updated: May 9, 2026

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Published on: July 7, 2023
Anna Wani1, Kenneth Trevino, Paige Marnell
1University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
Neurostimulation offers promising alternatives for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are FDA-approved, while magnetic seizure therapy (MST) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) show future potential.
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