Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Subphase with four-layer superlattice structure confirmed by resonant soft x-ray scattering in thresholdless antiferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures.

Physical review. E·2026

Same author

Decarboxylation via a Higher Electronic Excited State Drives LSSmOrange Photoconversion.

ACS physical chemistry Au·2026

Same author

Background-Free Intensity Autocorrelation for Femtosecond X-Ray Pulses.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

Mechanistic Insights into the Delayed Fragmentation of Photoionized Ethanol.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026

Same author

Conformationally Defined Alkaloidal Building Units for the Controlled Formation of Nanoscale Supramolecular Morphologies.

Chemistry, an Asian journal·2026

Same author

Compact tape-driven sample delivery system for serial femtosecond crystallography.

Journal of applied crystallography·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

Double core-hole creation by sequential attosecond photoionization.

Kenji Tamasaku¹, Mitsuru Nagasono, Hiroshi Iwayama

¹RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan. tamasaku@riken.jp

Physical Review Letters

|August 13, 2013

Summary

Intense X-ray pulses can ionize krypton atoms twice, creating double core-hole states. This interaction, observed with X-ray Free-Electron Lasers, allows for precise measurement of ultra-short X-ray pulse durations.

More Related Videos

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers

Published on: October 23, 2018

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers

An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers

Published on: October 23, 2018

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Published on: February 4, 2017

Area of Science:

Atomic Physics
X-ray Science
Quantum Mechanics

Background:

Core-hole states are fundamental to understanding atomic interactions with radiation.
Previous studies have not fully accounted for the effects of intense, pulsed X-ray sources on atomic ionization.
The development of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFELs) necessitates a deeper understanding of high-intensity X-ray-matter interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the phenomenon of sequential photoionization in krypton atoms using intense X-ray pulses.
To analyze the creation of double core-hole states in krypton.
To determine the feasibility of using this process for ultra-fast X-ray pulse duration measurements.

Main Methods:

Utilizing X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to detect and analyze ionization states.
Employing intense X-ray pulses from an X-ray Free-Electron Laser.
Performing quantitative analysis of double core-hole creation dynamics, considering pulse temporal structure.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that a single core-hole krypton atom (170-as lifetime) can be ionized again to a double core-hole state by an intense X-ray pulse.
Observed that the interaction between intense X-rays and atoms is significant for XFEL applications.
Enabled the estimation of X-ray pulse durations in the sub-10-femtosecond range through quantitative analysis.

Conclusions:

The sequential ionization of krypton to a double core-hole state is a viable process under intense X-ray irradiation.
This phenomenon highlights the importance of considering non-linear X-ray-atom interactions at XFELs.
The quantitative analysis provides a novel method for characterizing ultra-short X-ray pulse durations.