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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

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Related Experiment Video

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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Toward directed reprogramming through exogenous factors.

Changsheng Lin1, Chen Yu, Sheng Ding

  • 1Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct cell reprogramming offers new ways to study biology and disease. Small molecules are key to making this process more controlled and predictable for regenerative medicine applications.

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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

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Published on: March 29, 2019

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
09:26

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Direct cell reprogramming allows one cell type to convert into another, advancing biological studies and disease modeling.
  • Various reprogramming strategies and factors have been developed to generate diverse cell types like stem cells, neurons, and hepatocytes.
  • Exogenous factors, particularly small molecules, are crucial for enhancing and enabling cellular reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of direct cell reprogramming for fundamental biology, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine.
  • To review different reprogramming strategies and the role of small molecules in this process.
  • To envision future advancements in chemically defined, directed reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on direct cell reprogramming techniques.
  • Analysis of various reprogramming factors, including small molecules.
  • Discussion of the mechanisms underlying cellular state modulation and transcription control.

Main Results:

  • Established different paradigms for generating various cell types through reprogramming.
  • Identified small molecules as key enhancers and enablers of reprogramming.
  • Highlighted the increasing understanding of reprogramming mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Direct cell reprogramming holds significant promise for biological research and therapeutic applications.
  • Small molecules play a vital role in optimizing reprogramming efficiency and specificity.
  • Future research aims for more directed and chemically defined reprogramming under controlled conditions.