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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
What is a Sensory System?01:31

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive functions.
Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the stimulus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ
10:11

In-depth Physiological Analysis of Defined Cell Populations in Acute Tissue Slices of the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ

Published on: September 10, 2016

The olfactory system.

N Leboucq1, N Menjot de Champfleur, S Menjot de Champfleur

  • 1Service de neuroradiologie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, CHRU de Montpellier, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.

Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction necessitates imaging of the nasal cavity and brain base. MRI is key for diagnosing causes like congenital aplasia, sinus disease, tumors, or neurodegenerative conditions affecting smell.

Keywords:
BrainCranial nervesMRINasal sinus cavitiesScanography

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction, or loss of smell, can stem from various pathologies affecting the nasal cavity and brain.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management and understanding underlying conditions.
  • Radiological imaging plays a pivotal role in identifying the anatomical and pathological causes of smell disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the essential radiological investigations for olfactory dysfunction.
  • To highlight key etiological factors in children and adults.
  • To emphasize the role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in olfactory pathway assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive radiological exploration including the nasal cavity and anterior skull base.
  • Utilization of MRI with frontal plane and T1, T2 volume maps as the reference examination.
  • Correlation of imaging findings with clinical contexts (e.g., CHARGE syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, rhino-sinus disease, meningiomas, neurodegenerative disorders).

Main Results:

  • In children, olfactory bulb aplasia is often associated with polymalformations (CHARGE) or endocrine disorders (Kallmann syndrome).
  • In adults, rhino-sinus disease and meningiomas are frequently identified causes of smell loss.
  • Frontal or temporal lobe impairments, including tumors, vascular issues, and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's, can also lead to olfactory dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Radiological assessment, particularly MRI, is indispensable for diagnosing the causes of olfactory dysfunction.
  • Etiologies vary significantly between pediatric and adult populations.
  • Imaging helps differentiate between congenital, infectious, neoplastic, vascular, and neurodegenerative origins of smell loss.