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Related Concept Videos

Punishment01:27

Punishment

Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior.
Deindividuation00:57

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight actin...
Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

Actin Filament Depolymerization

Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Published on: April 6, 2018

Caught in the act.

Hermann-Josef Meyer1, Michael Rape

  • 1is in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , United States hermannmeyer@berkeley.edu.

Elife
|August 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a HECT E3 enzyme was captured during ubiquitin transfer. This reveals significant shape changes enabling specific target residue modification.

Keywords:
E2 conjugating enzymeE3 ligaseHECTNEDD4Rsp5S. cerevisiaeubiquitin

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • HECT E3 enzymes are crucial for protein ubiquitination, a key post-translational modification.
  • Dysregulation of ubiquitination pathways is implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural mechanisms of HECT E3 enzyme-mediated ubiquitin transfer.
  • To understand how HECT E3 enzymes achieve substrate specificity.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography was employed to determine the enzyme's structure.
  • Biochemical assays were used to monitor ubiquitin transfer activity.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of a HECT E3 enzyme was captured in the act of transferring ubiquitin.
  • Significant conformational changes in the enzyme were observed during the catalytic cycle.
  • These structural dynamics are linked to the enzyme's ability to modify specific target residues.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides unprecedented structural insights into HECT E3 enzyme function.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can inform the development of targeted therapeutics for diseases associated with ubiquitination defects.