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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

Localized heme sensing through a ternary molecular glue.

Michael Heider1, Clara Hipp1,2, Zhi Yang1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cells use a natural molecular glue to sense and degrade toxic heme, triggering a protective gene expression response. This mechanism reveals a therapeutic vulnerability in certain leukemias, highlighting new drug development opportunities.

Keywords:
AMLFEM1Bhememitochondriamolecular glueubiquitin

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Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
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Published on: July 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cellular signaling

Background:

  • Molecular glues are therapeutics that stabilize protein interactions to modify disease pathways.
  • It is unknown if molecular glues can integrate additional information to orchestrate signaling beyond initial complex formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if cells utilize an endogenous glue strategy to sense heme.
  • To explore the mechanism by which heme triggers degradation of the transcriptional repressor BACH1.
  • To understand the implications of this mechanism for cellular heme management and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated heme sensing using a ternary complex formation assay.
  • Utilized protein degradation assays to study BACH1 turnover.
  • Examined gene expression changes related to heme metabolism.
  • Analyzed the role of cytoplasmic CUL2FEM1B in the heme-bridging mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Cells employ an endogenous heme-sensing glue strategy, bridging three polypeptides.
  • Heme triggers BACH1 degradation via cytoplasmic CUL2FEM1B, distinct from mitochondrial pathways.
  • This mechanism induces HMOX1 expression to eliminate cytoplasmic heme while preserving mitochondrial heme.
  • Ternary glue signaling presents a therapeutic vulnerability in Acute Myeloid Leukemias reliant on electron transport chain (ETC) assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Endogenous molecular glues can orchestrate complex signaling beyond binary interactions.
  • Heme-induced ternary complex formation provides localized cellular protection against toxic heme.
  • This mechanism offers novel therapeutic strategies targeting protein proximity and degradation.