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Related Concept Videos

The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Engineering Tendon Assembloids to Probe Cellular Crosstalk in Disease and Repair
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Engineering Tendon Assembloids to Probe Cellular Crosstalk in Disease and Repair

Published on: March 22, 2024

Tendon gradient mineralization for tendon to bone interface integration.

Jin Qu1, Andrew R Thoreson, Qingshan Chen

  • 1Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Biomechanics & Tendon and Soft Tissue Laboratories, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|August 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mineralizing tendons transforms the tendon-to-bone interface into a "bone-to-bone" healing environment. This novel approach enhances calcium and phosphate content, potentially improving healing in tendon and ligament reconstruction.

Keywords:
graded mineraltendon allograftstendon mineralizationtendon-to-bone healing

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Tendon-to-bone healing presents a significant challenge in reconstructive surgery.
  • Current methods using autografts or allografts have limitations in achieving optimal integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of mineralizing tendons to create a bone-like interface.
  • To evaluate the effect of mineralization techniques, including fetuin presence and extraction methods, on tendon properties.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty dog flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons were divided into five experimental groups.
  • Tendon mineralization was performed with varying calcium phosphate (CaP) treatments, with or without fetuin and extraction.
  • Histological analysis and biomechanical testing (suture pull-out, compressive moduli) were conducted.

Main Results:

  • The combination of extraction and fetuin significantly increased calcium and phosphate content in tendons.
  • Histology showed dense mineral deposition penetrating up to 200 µm into the tendon.
  • Compressive moduli were reduced in mineralized tendons, but no significant differences in failure strength or stiffness were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Tendon mineralization successfully alters the interface, creating a mineralized tendon-to-bone environment.
  • This mineralization strategy shows potential for enhancing tendon-to-bone healing in reconstructive procedures.
  • Fetuin and extraction methods play a role in the degree of mineralization achieved.