Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 8, 2026

11:18
Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
Published on: June 1, 2015
Learning under conditions of action information feedback
1a University of Minnesota.
Journal of Motor Behavior
|August 15, 2013
Summary
Action information feedback (AIF) training improves positioning responses, but less effectively than terminal feedback. Further research is needed to understand AIF
Area of Science:
- Motor learning research
- Human-computer interaction
- Cognitive psychology
Background:
- Action information feedback (AIF) is crucial for motor skill acquisition.
- Previous research, including Annett (1970), highlights AIF's role in learning positioning responses.
- Methodological and empirical challenges exist in AIF research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To discuss methodological and empirical issues in action information feedback (AIF) research.
- To analyze the effectiveness of AIF in learning positioning responses compared to terminal feedback.
- To identify factors influencing AIF efficacy that require further investigation.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on action information feedback.
- Analysis of procedures and results from Annett (1970) concerning AIF.
- Comparative analysis of learning under AIF versus terminal feedback conditions.
Main Results:
- Positioning responses practiced under AIF are learned.
- Learning under AIF conditions is generally less effective than under terminal feedback.
- AIF effectiveness is influenced by movement extent, gain, transformations, frequency, temporal locus, and augmentation mode.
Conclusions:
- AIF facilitates motor learning but is less optimal than terminal feedback.
- Several parameters of AIF require systematic study to optimize its application.
- Further research is essential to refine understanding and application of AIF in motor control.
Related Concept Videos
Purposive Learning
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Cognitive Learning
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Introduction to Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
In contrast to learned behaviors, unlearned behaviors such as crying, sexual...
Effects of feedback
Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
Associative Learning
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Classical conditioning, also known...

