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Related Concept Videos

Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...
Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection
10:00

Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection

Published on: February 17, 2017

Programmable ion-sensitive transistor interfaces. I. Electrochemical gating.

Krishna Jayant1, Kshitij Auluck, Mary Funke

  • 1School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. kj75@cornell.edu

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|August 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrochemical gating in electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor devices exhibits pH-dependent hysteresis due to field-induced surface pH regulation. This mechanism is harnessed in chemoreceptive neuron metal-oxide-semiconductor (CνMOS) transistors for ionic sensing and actuation.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection
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Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection

Published on: February 17, 2017

Fabrication of a Solution-gated Indium-Tin-Oxide-based One-piece Transistor Enabling Sensitive Biosensing
10:45

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Published on: August 29, 2025

Sensing of Barrier Tissue Disruption with an Organic Electrochemical Transistor
11:17

Sensing of Barrier Tissue Disruption with an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

Published on: February 10, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Electrochemical gating modulates surface chemical equilibrium and charge in solutions.
  • Electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor (EOS) capacitors show pH-dependent hysteresis due to surface reactivity and double-layer charging.
  • Field-induced surface pH regulation is identified as the primary cause of hysteresis, independent of salinity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate surface chemical reactivity and double-layer charging in EOS capacitors.
  • Propose and examine a field-induced surface pH regulation mechanism.
  • Develop and analyze chemoreceptive neuron metal-oxide-semiconductor (CνMOS) transistors for ionic sensing and actuation.

Main Methods:

  • DC potential cycling on EOS capacitors to observe hysteresis.
  • Fabrication and testing of foundry-made floating-gate ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (CνMOS).
  • Monitoring surface condition changes via transient output current recordings under pulsed control gate biases.
  • Modeling experimental findings using a Poisson-Boltzmann formulation with surface pH regulation.

Main Results:

  • A strong pH-dependent hysteresis was observed in EOS capacitors.
  • CνMOS transistors exhibited hysteresis similar to EOS capacitors, confirming field-dependent surface charge regulation.
  • Nonvolatile charge tunneling into the floating gate at high biases enabled surface programmability, tuning pH response and point of zero charge.
  • Surface ionization constants were found to significantly influence the pH tuning effect.

Conclusions:

  • Field-induced surface pH regulation is a dominant mechanism in EOS capacitor hysteresis.
  • CνMOS transistors effectively utilize this mechanism for ionic sensing and actuation.
  • Surface programmability is achievable through nonvolatile charge tunneling, offering tunable surface properties.