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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System
09:48

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

Published on: February 3, 2026

Tissue-resident memory T cells.

Haina Shin1, Akiko Iwasaki

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|August 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are a newly identified immune cell subset crucial for barrier tissue protection. Understanding TRM cell generation and properties can improve vaccine design against challenging infections.

Keywords:
T cellsT-cell migrationcell lineages and subsetsinfectious diseasesvaccines

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Identification of Rare Antigen-Specific T Cells from Mouse Lungs with Peptide:Major Histocompatibility Complex Tetramers

Published on: July 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Barrier tissues like skin and lungs are primary sites of pathogen entry.
  • Existing vaccines often rely on antibodies, but some viruses like HSV and HIV necessitate T-cell mediated immunity.
  • Memory T cells, including central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM), are vital for long-term immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To categorize tissues based on memory T-cell migration and residency patterns.
  • To elucidate the generation and properties of tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells.
  • To explore the role of TRM cells in vaccine design for peripheral tissue-invading pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Review and categorization of existing literature on T-cell subsets and tissue localization.
  • Analysis of T-cell homing receptors and chemoattractant signaling in barrier tissues.
  • Discussion of vaccine strategies targeting TRM cells.

Main Results:

  • Identification and characterization of tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells as a distinct subset.
  • TRM cells reside in peripheral tissues, unlike circulating TCM and TEM cells.
  • TRM cells possess unique migratory and retention properties essential for local immunity.

Conclusions:

  • TRM cells represent a critical component of the immune defense at barrier sites.
  • Understanding TRM cell biology is essential for developing effective vaccines against difficult-to-target pathogens.
  • Novel vaccination strategies should leverage TRM cell populations for enhanced and durable protection.